The role of nuclear energy in reducing atmospheric pollution: a technical-economic and sustainable analysis

Abstract

Air pollution, intensified by the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation, is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and public health problems, directly affecting air quality and contributing to global warming. In this context, this study aims to analyze the role of nuclear energy in reducing air pollution, comparing its technical, economic, and sustainable performance with fossil sources, particularly coal- and gas-fired power plants. The research adopts a qualitative and documentary approach, based on data from national and international institutions such as CNEN, EPE, IAEA, and IEA. Key indicators such as pollutant emissions, construction and operating costs, fuel consumption, and long-term economic feasibility were analyzed. The theoretical framework discusses the operation of nuclear reactors, waste management, and the technological advances of fourth-generation reactors, emphasizing their safety and efficiency. The results show that although nuclear energy has a higher initial cost, Their CO₂ emissions are hundreds of times lower than those of fossil fuel power plants, and their operating costs are more stable in the long term, and its operational costs are more stable over time, making it a sustainable and competitive alternative. It is concluded that the gradual replacement of fossil sources with new-generation nuclear reactors is an effective strategy to reduce atmospheric pollution, mitigate climate impacts, and promote a cleaner and more secure energy matrix.