Nanotechnology and the challenges of photocells: efficiency, disposal, and environmental impact

Abstract

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have significantly boosted the generation of renewable energy, especially in photovoltaic cells, which convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells can be made from crystalline silicon or thin films, with different advantages and limitations in terms of efficiency, cost, and environmental impact. Amorphous silicon is flexible and inexpensive but has limited efficiency, while cadmium telluride has higher efficiency but is toxic. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve the efficiency of these cells, but the increased use of materials such as nanowires and graphene also presents challenges related to the disposal of toxic waste. The research highlighted the importance of recycling nanomaterials and the need for regulation to mitigate environmental impacts. The adoption of solutions such as circular economy and the improvement of photocatalysis are essential to ensure the sustainability of these technologies, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to clean energy and responsible production.